THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER, FAMILY BACKGROUND, AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON STUDENTS’ ENTREPRENEURIAL INTEREST IN VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS

Widiantoro Baroto; Sora Baltasar

doi:10.62567/micjo.v2i4.1538

Authors

Widiantoro Baroto Ar-Rahmah College of Midwifery
Sora Baltasar Universitas Pamulang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62567/micjo.v2i4.1538

Keywords:

Gender, Family Background, Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Interest, Vocational High School Students

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of gender, family economic background, and entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial interest of vocational high school students in Depok. Using a quantitative explanatory design, data were collected from 123 students via structured questionnaires and analyzed through t-tests, F-tests, and multiple linear regression. The results show that all three variables positively affect entrepreneurial interest, with entrepreneurship education emerging as the strongest predictor (β = 0.641, p < 0.001), followed by family background (β = 0.239, p = 0.006) and gender (β = 0.228, p = 0.012). These findings indicate that students’ entrepreneurial intention is primarily shaped by formal entrepreneurship education, supported by family influence and gender-related differences in confidence and risk orientation. The study emphasizes the importance of practical entrepreneurship education and a supportive family environment in fostering entrepreneurial interest among vocational students, contributing to a sustainable youth entrepreneurship ecosystem.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aga, M. K., & Singh, A. (2022). The role of entrepreneurship education on student entrepreneurial intentions: mediating effect of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Business and Management, 28(1), 31-65. https://doi.org/10.1504/JBM.2022.141294

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Al-Qadasi, N., Zhang, G., Al-Jubari, I., Al-Awlaqi, M. A., & Aamer, A. M. (2024). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behaviour: Do self-efficacy and attitude matter? The International Journal of Management Education, 22(1), 100945 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100945

Astuti, M. E. (2021). Pengaruh keluarga, etnis, kepribadian, gender, dan teman sebaya terhadap minat berwirausaha. Jurnal Bina Manajemen, 9(2), 162-183. https://doi.org/10.52859/jbm.v9i2.155

Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional. (2024, Maret 27). Indonesia kini sedang menikmati bonus demografi. Antara News. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3587931/bkkbn-indonesia-kini-sedang-menikmati-bonus-demografi

Badan Pusat Statistik Jambi. (2022, Agustus 17). Bonus demografi dan harapan kedepannya. https://jambi.bps.go.id/id/news/2022/08/17/261/bonus-demografi-dan-harapan-kedepannya.html

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022, Juni 24). Analisis profil penduduk Indonesia. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2022/06/24/ea52f6a38d3913a5bc557c5f/analisis-profil-penduduk-indonesia.html

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2025, Mei 5). Tingkat pengangguran terbuka (TPT) sebesar 4,76 persen; rata-rata upah buruh sebesar 3,09 juta rupiah. https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2025/05/05/2432/tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka--tpt--sebesar-4-76-persen--rata-rata-upah-buruh-sebesar-3-09-juta-rupiah-.html

Ben Moussa, N., & Kerkeni, S. (2021). The role of family environment in developing the entrepreneurial intention of young Tunisian students. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 9(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2021.090102

Billett, S. (2011). Vocational education: Purposes, traditions and prospects. Springer Science & Business Media.

Bygrave, W. D., Zacharakis, A., Wise, S., & Corbett, A. C. (2024). Entrepreneurship. John Wiley & Sons.

Cera, G., Mlouk, A., Cera, E., & Shumeli, A. (2020). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention. A quasi-experimental research design. Journal of Competitiveness. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2020.01.03

CNBC Indonesia. (2024, Juni 2). Syarat jadi negara maju belum tercapai, jumlah pengusaha RI baru 3,6%. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240602124913-4-543109/syarat-jadi-negara-maju-belum-tercapai-jumlah-pengusaha-ri-baru-36

CNBC Indonesia. (2025, Maret 12). Malaysia kalahkan rasio wirausaha RI, Mendag tunjuk potensi bisnis ini. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20250312124829-4-617910/malaysia-kalahkan-rasio-wirausaha-ri-mendag-tunjuk-potensi-bisnis-ini

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Detik. (2025). Daftar lulusan dengan tingkat pengangguran tertinggi menurut data BPS 2025: SMK–S1. https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-7902527/daftar-lulusan-dengan-tingkat-pengangguran-tertinggi-menurut-data-bps-2025-smk-s1

Digivestasi. (2025). Indonesia's entrepreneur ratio only 3.57%, lower than Malaysia: Why? https://www.digivestasi.com/news/detail/bisnis_ekonomi/indonesia-s-entrepreneur-ratio-only-3-57-lower-than-malaysia-why?lang=eng

Duong, C. D. (2022). Exploring the link between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: the moderating role of educational fields. Education+ Training, 64(7), 869-891. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2021-0173

Eagly, A. H. (2013). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Psychology Press.

Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., & Dyke, L. S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of business venturing, 8(2), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(93)90017-Y

Georgescu, M. A., & Herman, E. (2020). The impact of the family background on students’ entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical analysis. Sustainability, 12(11), 4775. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114775

Gibb, A. A. (1993). Enterprise culture and education: Understanding enterprise education and its links with small business, entrepreneurship and wider educational goals. International small business journal, 11(3), 11-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/026624269301100301

Hadri, V., Dvouletý, O., Bögenhold, D., & Sawy, A. (2023). How family and a migrant background influence family entrepreneurship: findings from a systematic literature review. FIIB Business Review, 23197145231158515 https://doi.org/10.1177/23197145231158515

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2021). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Hamzah, A. (2024). MEMAKSIMALKAN KETERAMPILAN MICROSOFT EXCEL UNTUK MENDORONG PRODUKTIVITAS TENAGA KERJA PEMUDA. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2(2), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.70429/bhaktimas.v2i2.147

Hasibuan, D. (2024). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi wanita untuk menjadi wirausaha di Desa Padang Hasior (Doctoral dissertation, UIN Syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addary Padangsidimpuan). http://etd.uinsyahada.ac.id/11635/1/2040200156.pdf

Hisrich, R. D., & Shepherd, D. A. (2017). Entrepreneurship. McGraw-Hill Education.

Hossain, Md. F., Misbauddin, S. M., Awal Hossen, M., Nabi, Md. N. U., Sakib, Md. N., Fahlevi, M., & Aziz, A. L. (2025). Women entrepreneurs for sustainable development: A systematic review of enablers and barriers in emerging economies. Journal of the International Council for Small Business, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/26437015.2025.2538192

Hutasuhut, S. (2018). The roles of entrepreneurship knowledge, self-efficacy, family, education, and gender on entrepreneurial intention. Dinamika Pendidikan, 13(1), 90-105. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/DP/article/view/13785/7972

Jamali, D. (2009). Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A relational perspective. Gender in management: an international journal, 24(4), 232-251. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910961532

Kementerian Koperasi dan UKM. (2021). Program pengembangan kewirausahaan pemuda terus dikuatkan. https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/program-pengembangan-kewirausahaan-pemuda-terus-dikuatkan

Kementerian Koperasi dan UKM. (2023). Kemenkop UKM ingin lahirkan wirausaha andal lewat Entrepreneur Hub. https://ehub.kemenkopukm.go.id/news/kemenkop-ukm-ingin-lahirkan-wirausaha-andal-lewat-entrepreneur-hub

Kovalchuk, V., Maslich, S. V., Tkachenko, N. M., Shevchuk, S. S., & Shchypska, T. P. (2022). Vocational education in the context of modern problems and challenges. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 8(11), 329-338. https://lib.iitta.gov.ua/id/eprint/732867

Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross–cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 33(3), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x

Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International entrepreneurship and management journal, 11(4), 907-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0356-5

Marlow, S. (2020). Gender and entrepreneurship: past achievements and future possibilities. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-05-2019-0090

Mukarromah, S. A., Sholeh, M., & Riyanto, Y. (2024). Evaluasi model CIPP pada program kewirausahaan di Sekolah Menengah Atas. Dirasah: Jurnal Studi Ilmu dan Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 297–305. https://doi.org/10.58401/dirasah.v7i1.1115

Nabi, G., Linan, F., Fayolle, A., Krueger, N., & Walmsley, A. (2017). The impact of entrepreneurship education in higher education: A systematic review and research agenda. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 16(2), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2015.0026

Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, L. T. P., Phan, H. T. T., & Vu, A. T. (2021). Impact of entrepreneurship extracurricular activities and inspiration on entrepreneurial intention: Mediator and moderator effect. Sage Open, 11(3), 21582440211032174. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211032174

Nowiński, W., Haddoud, M. Y., Lančarič, D., Egerová, D., & Czeglédi, C. (2019). The impact of entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and gender on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in the Visegrad countries. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 361-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1365359

Pambudi, N. A., & Harjanto, B. (2020). Vocational education in Indonesia: History, development, opportunities, and challenges. Children and Youth Services Review, 115, 105092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105092

Panda, S. (2018). Constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in developing countries: review and ranking. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 33(4), 315-331. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-01-2017-0003

Pandang, A., Umar, N. F., AkhmadHarum, Hajati, K., & Hamidi, B. (2022). Gender Disparities in Students’ Entrepreneurial Self‐Efficacy (ESE) with Various Areas. Education Research International, 2022(1), 9479758. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9479758

Porfírio, J. A., Carrilho, T., Jardim, J., & Wittberg, V. (2022). Fostering entrepreneurship intentions: the role of entrepreneurship education. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 32(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.53703/001c.32489

Prianto, A., Winardi, U. N. Q., & Saputro, A. A. I. (2021). Seri pendidikan SMK: Tentang efektivitas pendidikan dan kewirausahaan di SMK. Kaizen Sarana Edukasi

Rajar, A., Khoso, I. U., & Qureshi, M. B. (2022). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions: Impact of culture, gender, self-esteem, and self-efficacy on university students. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management, and Innovation, 4(1), 259-277. https://doi.org/10.52633/jemi.v4i1.187

Republik Indonesia. (1995). Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 1995 tentang Gerakan Nasional Memasyarakatkan dan Membudayakan Kewirausahaan. https://peraturan.go.id

Republik Indonesia. (2003). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. https://peraturan.go.id

Republik Indonesia. (2005). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan. https://peraturan.go.id

Rusilowati. U., Yunan. A., Baltasar. S. (2025), Metodologi Penelitian, Jakarta Trend Media.

Saputro, W. E., Adi, B. W., & Totalia, S. A. (2023). Pengaruh Pendidikan Kewirausahaan, Need For Achievement, dan Internal Locus Of Control Terhadap Minat Berwirausaha Siswa SMK Negeri 1 Sukoharjo. OIKOS: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Ilmu Ekonomi, 7(1), 11-29. https://doi.org/10.23969/oikos.v7i1.6229

Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (8th ed.). Pearson Education.

Schumpeter, J. A., & Swedberg, R. (2021). The theory of economic development. Routledge.

Setyawan, E., Mawardi, M. K., Edityastono, L., & Pratiwi, S. P. (2023). VOKAPRENEURSHIP: Pendekatan Kewirausahaan Berbasis Pembelajaran Vokasi. Universitas Brawijaya Press

Suhaedin, E., & Yulastri, A. (2023). Systematic Literature Review Pengaruh Pendidikan Kewirausahaan dalam Meningkatkan Minat Berwirausaha Siswa di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Jurnal Informatika Ekonomi Bisnis, 1432-1435.https://doi.org/10.37034/infeb.v5i4.757

Tikollah, M. R., & Azis, F. (2025). Pengaruh Dukungan Keluarga, Latar Belakang Keluarga, Dan Gender Terhadap Intensi Berwirausaha Siswa SMKN 9 Bone. J-CEKI: Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah, 4(3), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.56799/jceki.v4i3.7308