ACTIVE JUDGES IN ADVERSARIAL COMMON LAW AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO INDONESIA’S HYBRID CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Vincentius Patria Setyawan; Aloysius  Wisnubroto

doi:10.62567/micjo.v2i4.1246

Authors

Vincentius Patria Setyawan Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta
Aloysius Wisnubroto Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62567/micjo.v2i4.1246

Keywords:

Indonesian criminal procedure, active judge, adversarial

Abstract

This research examines the relevance of adopting the concept of active judges within adversarial common law traditions to Indonesia’s hybrid criminal procedure. The primary objective is to explore whether the active judge model can strengthen Indonesia’s criminal justice reform without undermining its civil law foundation. This study employs a normative juridical method with a comparative approach, analyzing doctrinal sources, statutory law, and scholarly debates from both civil law and common law perspectives. The findings suggest that while the adversarial system traditionally restricts judges to a passive role, the notion of an active judge has emerged to prevent procedural abuses and ensure substantive justice. For Indonesia, integrating aspects of the active judge model may contribute to enhancing transparency, protecting defendants’ rights, and harmonizing procedural justice with societal expectations. Nevertheless, challenges remain, particularly concerning judicial independence, consistency of application, and potential conflicts with established inquisitorial practices. This study concludes that the adoption of active judge principles must be carefully contextualized, reinforcing Indonesia’s hybrid system rather than replacing its legal traditions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adji, I. S. (2019). Hukum pidana: Perkembangan dan dinamika. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.

Aji, A. S., & Hoesein, Z. A. (2025). The impact of the common law legal system on legal development in Indonesia. International Journal of Sociology and Law, 2(1), 1–11.

Ali, M. (2018). Reformasi peradilan pidana Indonesia dalam perspektif hak asasi manusia. Jurnal HAM, 9(2), 123–137.

Asshiddiqie, J. (2006). Konstitusi dan konstitusionalisme Indonesia. Jakarta: Konstitusi Press.

Asshiddiqie, J. (2010). Konstitusi dan konstitusionalisme Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.

Asshiddiqie, J. (2020). Konstitusi dan konstitusionalisme Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.

Barda, N. A. (2017). Bunga rampai kebijakan hukum pidana. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.

Bedner, A. (2016). Indonesian legal scholarship and legal education: An exploratory discussion. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 11(2), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2016.16

Butt, S., & Lindsey, T. (2018). Indonesian law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cape, E., & Namoradze, Z. (2012). Effective criminal defence in Europe. International Journal of the Legal Profession, 19(1), 3–22.

Clarke, C. J. (2016). Judicial activism and the adversarial system. International Journal of Comparative Law, 12(2), 145–162.

Damaska, M. (1975). Evidentiary barriers to conviction and two models of criminal procedure: A comparative study. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 121(3), 506–589.

Dammer, H. R., & Albanese, J. S. (2014). Comparative criminal justice systems. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Effendy, M. (2019). Hukum acara pidana Indonesia. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.

Faisal, F. (2019). Peran hakim dalam sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia: Antara aktif dan pasif. Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan, 8(2), 215–234.

Findlay, M. (2018). Law’s reality: Case studies in socio-legal theory. London: Routledge.

Findlay, M., & Zajdow, G. (2014). Criminal justice in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hamzah, A. (2021). Hukum acara pidana Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.

Hiariej, E. O. S. (2020). Prinsip-prinsip hukum pidana. Jakarta: Cahaya Atma Pustaka.

Hidayat, M. (2019). Aktivisme hakim dalam peradilan pidana di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan, 8(2), 145–162.

Ibrahim, J. (2012). Teori & metodologi penelitian hukum normatif. Malang: Bayumedia.

Jackson, J. D., & Summers, S. J. (2012). The internationalisation of criminal evidence: Beyond the common law and civil law traditions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lev, D. S. (1973). Judicial institutions and legal culture in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Lindsey, T. (2020). Legal pluralism and criminal procedure in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 15(1), 35–58.

Lindsey, T. (2020). Legal pluralism in Indonesia: Between colonial legacy and contemporary challenges. Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 52(2), 123–140.

Lindsey, T. (2022). Legal reform in Indonesia: Continuity and change. Melbourne Asia Review, 4(1), 45–60.

Lubis, T. M. (2019). In search of human rights: Legal-political dilemmas of Indonesia’s new order, 1966–1990. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Mahmud, P. (2019). Pengantar ilmu hukum. Jakarta: Kencana.

Marzuki, P. M. (2017). Penelitian hukum. Jakarta: Kencana.

Marzuki, P. M. (2019). Pengantar ilmu hukum. Jakarta: Kencana.

Merryman, J. H., & Pérez-Perdomo, R. (2007). The civil law tradition: An introduction to the legal systems of Europe and Latin America (3rd ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Mertokusumo, S. (2020). Hukum acara perdata Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Liberty.

Muladi. (2002). Demokrasi, hak asasi manusia, dan reformasi hukum di Indonesia. Jakarta: Habibie Center.

Muladi, & Arief, B. N. (2018). Teori-teori dan kebijakan pidana. Bandung: Alumni.

Nonet, P., & Selznick, P. (2001). Law and society in transition: Toward responsive law. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

Nowak, M. (2005). U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR commentary (2nd ed.). Kehl: Engel.

Nurhayati, I. (2021). Peran hakim dalam mewujudkan keadilan prosedural di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 8(1), 45–60.

Packer, H. (1968). The limits of the criminal sanction. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Pompe, S. (2005). The Indonesian Supreme Court: A study of institutional collapse. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.

Rahardjo, S. (2009). Hukum progresif: Hukum yang membebaskan. Jakarta: Kompas.

Rahardjo, S. (2009). Hukum progresif: Sebuah sintesa hukum Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Genta Publishing.

Rukmini, M. (2020). Peran hakim dalam mewujudkan keadilan substantif pada peradilan pidana. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 17(1), 67–84.

Said, M. (2021). Hybrid criminal procedure in Indonesia: Between inquisitorial and adversarial traditions. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 28(1), 45–67.

Salman, T. (2020). Peradilan pidana dalam transisi: Perspektif perbandingan sistem hukum. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 27(1), 89–112.

Saputra, Y., & Ismail, R. (2021). Hakim aktif dalam sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia: Sebuah pendekatan hybrid. Jurnal Hukum Progresif, 9(1), 101–120.

Setiyono, J. (2019). Diskresi hakim dalam sistem peradilan pidana. Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan, 49(3), 623–640.

Soekanto, S. (2014). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penegakan hukum. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada.

Strang, R. R. (2008). More adversarial, but not completely adversarial: Reformasi of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code. Fordham International Law Journal, 32(1), 188–256.

Waluyo, B. (2016). Hukum acara pidana Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.

Wibowo, K. T., Suparman, E., & Post, H. (2021). Adversarial system in answering the criminal justice system in Indonesia towards Revolution 4.0. International Journal of Law in Context, 17(3), 451–467.

Zuckerman, A. A. S. (2014). Principles of criminal evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Zweigert, K., & Kötz, H. (1998). An introduction to comparative law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.