FROM ESOTERIC COSMOLOGY TO EXOTERIC SOCIAL - ECOLOGICAL ETICS: THE TRANSFORMASTION OF BELOM BAHADAT IN DAYAK KAHARINGAN
Abstract
Indigenous value systems are increasingly significant in responding to ecological degradation and social fragmentation; however, their transformation from community-based spiritual knowledge into publicly articulated ethical frameworks remains insufficiently understood. This study examines the transformation of Belom Bahadat, a Dayak Kaharingan value system rooted in cosmological and spiritual relations among humans, nature, ancestors, and Ranying Hatalla Langit. The study aims to reconstruct the process through which Belom Bahadat expands from a predominantly esoteric mode of articulation into a broader social-ecological ethical framework. This research employed a qualitative integrative literature review design. The corpus consisted of 35 purposively selected sources, comprising 12 national journal articles, 7 international journal articles, 8 academic books, and 8 non-journal sources, including dissertations, proceedings, book chapters, institutional documents, and religious teaching materials. Data were collected through literature identification, selection, and systematic extraction using an analytical matrix covering source characteristics, context, concepts, explicit findings, key data, initial codes, themes, and positions within the transformation model. Data were analyzed through critical thematic synthesis involving iterative reading, coding, categorization, cross-source comparison, pattern identification, and abductive interpretation. The findings reveal five interconnected processes: Cosmological-Spiritual Foundation, Social Translation, Rearticulation, Institutional Reproduction, Exoteric Social-Ecological Ethics. The transformation does not represent secularization or the replacement of spiritual values but rather an expansion of social arenas and modes of value reproduction while maintaining cosmological legitimacy. The study concludes that Belom Bahadat demonstrates how indigenous spiritual values can remain continuous through reinterpretation and institutional reproduction in changing social contexts. The study contributes a conceptual model for understanding the transformation of indigenous values and extends ecotheological scholarship by positioning local cosmologies as active sources of contemporary social-ecological ethics.
Keywords
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